As part of a series of European exhibitions to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of Picasso’s death, the Musée du Luxembourg in Paris presents the story of the extraordinary friendship between the artist and Gertrude Stein.

Gertrude Stein was an American-Jewish immigrant who settled in Paris in 1903 just after the arrival of Picasso. They became integral parts of Parisian bohemia and their influence has been enormous. The exhibiton is in two parts; the first tells the story of their influence in Europe, especially that of Picasso’s Cubism, whilst the second part looks at the subsequent effect that their work had in the USA.

Man Ray ‘Gertrude Stein with her portrait by Pablo Picasso (1922)

Pablo Picasso ‘Femme aux mains jointes’ (1907)

Pablo Picasso ‘Trois Figures sous un Arbre’ (1908)

Georges Braques ‘Cinq bananes et deux poires’ (1908)

Henri Matisse ‘Nature morte aux oranges’ (1912)

Georges Braque ‘Compotier, bouteille et verre’ (1912)

Juan Gris ‘Nature morte au livre’ (1913)

Juan Gris ‘La bouteille d’anis’ (1914)

Jacques Lipchitz ‘Gertrude Stein’ (1920)

Jasper Johns ‘Flags’ (1968)

Robert Rauschenberg ‘Centennial Certificate’ (1969)

Jasper Johns ‘Untitled’ (1984)

Whilst in Pont-Aven and Le Pouldu in Brittany in 1886, Paul Gauguin developed a style of painting which used simple forms and pure, bright colours. Over the next couple of years he met other artists in Brittany including Emile Bernard and Paul Serusier and their experiments in painting culminated in a style known as Synthetism. Serusier’s painting ‘The Talisman’, completed under Gauguin’s guidance, would influence the work of his future ‘Nabis’ colleagues.

Synthetism concentrated on the outward appearance of natural forms.and used flat areas of pure colour to express the artist’s feelings about their subject. The Musée d’Orsay has a particularly impressive collection of paintings produced by these artists in Brittany during the late 1880s.

Paul Gauguin ‘La Belle Angèle’ (1889)

Paul Gauguin ‘Les Meules jaunes’ (1889)

Paul Gauguin ‘Self-Portrait with The Yellow Christ’ (1890 – 91)

Emile Bernard ‘Le Pardon’ (1888)

Emile Bernard ‘Madeleine au Bois d’Amour’ (1888)

Emile Bernard ‘Les Brettones aux ombrelles’ (1892)

Paul Serusier ‘Paysage au Bois d’Amour’ (‘Le Talisman’) (1888)

Paul Serusier ‘La Barrière fleuries’ (1889)

Paul Serusier ‘Les Laveuses à la Laita’ (1892)

Paul Serusier ‘L’averse’ (1893)

At the Musée d’Orsay for this exhibition which displays the works that van Gogh produced during the last two months of his life. He spent May to July 1890 in the village of Auvers-sur-Oise, north of Paris, and there produced some of his finest works – seventy-four paintings and over fifty drawings, a remarkable output in such a short period of time.

Vincent van Gogh arrived in Auvers-sur-Oise on 20 May 1890, after having spent a year in the psychiatric hospital of Saint-Rémy-de-Provence in the south of France. In Auvers he hoped that he would be able to find some kind of normality in new surroundings closer to his brother Theo. Theo arranged for a doctor in the town, Paul Gachet, who had been recommended by Camille Pissarro, to provide support for him.

Van Gogh immediately found Auvers to be “decidedly very beautiful”, although he was extremely concerned about his financial situation and continued to see himself as a failure. Nevertheless, financial aid from Theo reassured him and with Doctor Gachet’s support he began to paint, initially views of the surrounding countryside and its cottages and portraits of the doctor and his daughter Marguerite.

Vincent van Gogh ‘Thatched Cottages’ (1890)

Vincent van Gogh ‘The House of Père Pilon’ (1890)

Vincent van Gogh ‘Marguerite Gachet in the Garden’ (1890)

Vincent van Gogh ‘Doctor Paul Gachet’ (1890)

At the beginning of June he painted one of his best-known works from this period, ‘The Church at Auvers-sur-Oise’. He was clearly becoming happier at this time and on 10 June wrote to Theo, “It’s odd, all the same, that the nightmare should have ceased to such an extent here.” In one day, 12 June, he painted ‘Landscape with Carriage and Train’ and ‘Vineyards at Auvers-sur-Oise’.

Vincent van Gogh ‘The Church at Auvers-sur-Oise’ (1890)

Vincent van Gogh ‘Landscape with Carriage and Train’ (1890)

Vincent van Gogh ‘Vineyards at Auvers-sur-Oise’ (1890)

In June he also painted portraits, three of Adeline Ravoux, the daughter of the local inn-keeper, one of Marguerite Gachet at the piano, and several of local girls.

Vincent van Gogh ‘Portrait of Adeline Ravoux’ (1890)

Vincent van Gogh ‘Marguerite Gachet at the Piano’ (1890)

Vincent van Gogh ‘Two Girls’ (1890)

In early July he visited Theo and his family in Paris, although discussions there appear to have been quite fractious. Vincent also had fears about the health of both himself and Theo and his mood seems to have taken a downward turn. His final letter to Theo, written on 23 July but undelivered, was pessimistic, with Vincent declaring “I risk my life for my own work and my reason has half foundered in it.”

Vincent van Gogh ‘Tree Roots’ (1890)

On 27 July Vincent worked in the afternoon on his final painting, ‘Tree Roots’. That evening he shot himself in the area of the heart with a revolver and despite the efforts of Dr. Gachet to treat him he died at 1.30 a.m. on Tuesday 29 July. On 7 August, the local newspaper printed a short report which read: “Sunday 27 July, a person named Van Gogh, aged thirty-seven … Dutch citizen, painter by profession, living temporarily in Auvers, shot himself with a revolver in the fields and, being only wounded, returned to his room, where he died two days later.”

Paul Guillaume and Modigliani on the Promenade des Anglais, Nice, 1918 – 19

Parisian art dealer Paul Guillaume first met Amedeo Modigliani in 1914 though the poet Max Jacob and the following year he became his principal gallerist. This exhibition displays many of Modigliani’s artworks that either passed through the gallery of Guillaume or that were promoted by him; as well as photographs and documents that testify to their relationship. Both men had separately developed an interest in African art, Guillaume as a dealer and the influence of African masks can be clearly seen in Modigliani’s art and it is, therefore, unsurprising that their mutual interest would bring dealer and artist together.

Modigliani had originally been trying to make a career for himself as a sculptor but was now devoting himself to painting. It is believed that Guillaume rented a studio for Modigliani on rue Ravignan in Paris and the exhibition contains photographs of the two men posing in front of paintings hanging on the studio wall. Modigliani painted and drew his dealer several times in 1915 and 1916 and three such paintings are included in the exhibition.

Amedeo Modigliani ‘Paul Guillaume’ (1916)

Over one hundred paintings as well as drawings and sculptures by the artist are said to have passed through Guillaume’s hands. These included portraits of notable figures in Paris at the time such as Max Jacob, Jean Cocteau and Moïse Kisling, but also of unknown models, as well as women who shared the painter’s life. The latter included the writer Béatrice Hastings and the young painter Jeanne Hébuterne, who was the mother of his child and his final companion.

Amedeo Modigliani ‘Portrait of Béatrice Hastings’ (1915)

Amedeo Modigliani ‘Portrait of Max Jacob’ (1916)

Amedeo Modigliani ‘The Beautiful Grocer’ (1918)

Amedeo Modigliani ‘Young Red-haired Woman with a Necklace’ (1918)

Amedeo Modigliani ‘Black Hair’ (1918)

Amedeo Modigliani ‘The Young Apprentice’ (1918 – 19)

Amedeo Modigliani ‘Portrait of Madame Hanka Zborowska’ (1918 – 19)

Amedeo Modigliani ‘Elvire Resting against a Table’ (1919)

Amedeo Modigliani ‘Pink Blouse’ (1919)

La Sainte-Chapelle was constructed in the 1240s (consecrated on 26 April 1248) on the orders of King Louis IX on the Île de la Cité in the River Seine in Paris. The whole structure was completed in just seven years; incredible when compared with its neighbour, Notre-Dame, begun around the same time, which took almost two hundred years. It was built to house the most sacred relics of the Passion of Christ, including the Crown of Thorns and a fragment of the True Cross.

Engraving of La Saint-Chapelle, circa 1630

Louis had purchased the relics from Baldwin II, Latin Emperor of Constantinople, who had pawned them to the Venetians. They were brought from Venice by Dominican friars, with Louis himself carrying them in the final stages of the journey. He bought them for the enormous sum of 135,000 livres and then had them stored in a large silver chest, the Grande-Chasse, which cost a further 100,000 livres. Just how large a sum this was is illustrated by the fact that the entire chapel and its glazing cost 40,000 livres. In 1246, Louis would add to his relic collection by obtaining fragments of the True Cross and the Holy Lance. 

The Grande-Chasse

The chapel was built in the the Gothic rayonnant style, with a ribbed vault but, amazingly, there are no flying buttresses to take the weight of the roof. Nevertheless, the clusters of slender columns together with the robust architecture of the lower chapel provide enough support to allow for a vast expanse of stained-glass windows, a total of 1,113 of them.

The ribbed vaulted ceiling of the lower chapel

The ribbed vaults and stained-glass windows in the upper chapel

The Rose window in the west front, dedicated to the Apocalypse, was rebuilt during the reign of Charles VIII around 1485. It is extremely well preserved with very little restoration. It is nine metres wide and composed of complex flame-shaped sections, typical of fifteenth-century flamboyant Gothic.

The Rose of the Apocalypse, La Sainte-Chapelle

Below the oculus, two of the four horsemen of the Apocalypse are depicted. On the left, representing death, is a white horseman emerging from a dragon’s mouth, whilst on the right a horseman carrying a scale represents famine.

One of the Horsemen of the Apocalypse

During the French Revolution the chapel was a prime target for vandalism and many of the original sculptures were smashed. The chapel was turned into a storehouse for grain and the spire was pulled down. Much of the sculpture of the portals was damaged; however, between 1855 and 1870, the sculptor Adolphe-Victor Geoffroy-Dechaume was able to recreate it using 18th century descriptions and engravings. The tympanum over the portal of the upper chapel was recreated; it contains the central figure of Christ giving a blessing, with the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist alongside him.

Tympanum above the portal of the upper chapel

Some of the stained glass was also broken during the Revolution but nearly two-thirds of the glass today is original. During World War II the windows were removed and put into safe storage. The windows and the chapel generally have been subject to several expensive restoration projects over the years. In 2008, a comprehensive seven-year programme of restoration began and 10 million euros was spent cleaning and preserving the stained glass, cleaning the facade stonework and repairing some of the sculptures.

This exhibition tells the story of cultural advances and technical innovation in Paris just after the turn of the twentieth century up to 1925, when the city hosted the International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts. Not only does it display almost four hundred works by artists working in the city during that period but also examples of fashion, jewellery and industry.

Galleries in the city displayed works by Fauvists, Cubists, Dada and Surrealists as well as Futurists and all are represented in the exhibition alongside fashion accessories, dresses, perfumes and industrial products including a Peugeot car and an airplane.

Henri Matisse ‘Marguerite lisant’ (1906)

Pablo Picasso ‘Buste de femme’ (1907)

Georges Braque ‘Tête de femme’ (1909)

Pablo Picasso ‘La Femme au pot de moutarde’ (1910)

Gino Severini ‘La Dance du pan-pan au Monico’ (1910 – 11)

Marcel Duchamp ‘Roue de bicyclette’ (1913 – 64)

Jeanne Hébuterne ‘Autoportrait’ (1916)

Pablo Picasso ‘Portrait d’Olga dans un fauteuil’ (1918)

Amedeo Modigliani ‘Maternité’ (1919)

Fernand Léger ‘ L’homme à la pipe’ (1920)

Chaim Soutine ‘La fiancée’ (1923)

Paul Poiret ‘Minaret’ dress (1911)

Jeanne Lanvin ‘Robe Lesbos’ (c.1925)

Deperdussin airplane (1911)

Peugeot type BP1 (1913)